Analysis of methane gas content in cattle manure waste for electricity generation
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
This study investigates the methane (CH4) content generated through the anaerobic fermentation of cattle manure waste in a biogas digester, in support of biogas-based electricity generation development in Indonesia. A qualitative approach with a case study strategy was employed, conducted through direct field observation. The digester used was a floating dome/balloon-type unit with a slurry capacity of 300 liters, fed with 25 kg of fresh cattle manure. Primary data collected included measurements of methane gas content, hourly gas production volume, substrate pH values, and digester temperature profiles over a 10-day observation period. A comparative analysis was performed between two treatment conditions: a digester supplemented with EM4 (Effective Microorganism 4) liquid inoculant and a control digester without EM4 addition. Results indicated that the average digester temperature during the observation period was 34.18°C, which falls within the optimal mesophilic range. The measured substrate pH ranged from 6.0 to 6.7, slightly below the optimum range of 6.8–8.0 for biogas production. The floating dome digester construction was demonstrated to be capable of maintaining the anaerobic conditions required for methane gas formation.
Article Details
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
How to Cite
References
Alam, M. Z., Ardeniswan, N., Al-Rabiah, A. A., Salihu, A., & Siddiquee, M. N. (2024). Prospects for renewable energy sources from biomass waste in Indonesia. Energy Nexus, 14, 100290. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nexus.2024.100290
Chou, T. C., & Lu, H. P. (2022). How to observe business operations: An empirical study of family business. PLOS ONE, 17(4), e0267223. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0267223
Dang, Y. T. T., & Hung, N. T. (2021). Validation and recommendation of methods to measure biogas production potential of animal manure. PLOS ONE, 16(3), e0248006. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248006
Hamzah, A. F. A., Hamzah, M. H., Che Man, H., Jamali, N. S., Siajam, S. I., & Ismail, M. H. (2023). Effect of organic loading on anaerobic digestion of cow dung: Methane production and kinetic study. Heliyon, 9(6), e16791. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16791
Hassanein, A., Lansing, S., & Delp, D. (2024). Anaerobic digestion (EBR-2023-0686). University of Maryland Extension. https://extension.umd.edu/resource/anaerobic-digestion-ebr-2023-0686
International Energy Agency. (2024). Renewables 2023: Special section on biogas and biomethane. IEA. https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2023/special-section-biogas-and-biomethane
Konieczna, A., Szymanek, K., & Borsuk-Stanulewicz, M. (2024). The potential of utilizing cattle (cow) manure for biomethane production—An experiment for photofermentation. Energies, 17(23), 6119. https://doi.org/10.3390/en17236119
Kusmiyati, K., Wijaya, D. K., Hartono, B. J. R., Shidik, G. F., & Fudholi, A. (2023). Harnessing the power of cow dung: Exploring the environmental, energy, and economic potential of biogas production in Indonesia. Results in Engineering, 20, 101431. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rineng.2023.101431
Liu, K., Tang, L., Huang, H., & Sun, H. (2025). Development and performance analysis of a biogas reactor using livestock manure. Science and Technology for Energy Transition, 80, 26. https://doi.org/10.2516/stet/2025026
Marin-Batista, J. D., Mohedano, A. F., Rodriguez, J. J., & de la Rubia, M. A. (2023). Evaluation of the methanogenic potential of anaerobic digestion of agro-industrial wastes. Heliyon, 9(3), e14317. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e14317
Mignogna, D., Ceci, P., Cafaro, C., Corazzi, G., & Avino, P. (2023). Production of biogas and biomethane as renewable energy sources: A review. Applied Sciences, 13(18), 10219. https://doi.org/10.3390/app131810219
Miller, E. M., Porter, J. E., & Barbagallo, M. S. (2023). Simplifying qualitative case study research methodology: A step-by-step guide using a palliative care example. The Qualitative Report, 28(8), 2363–2379. https://doi.org/10.46743/2160-3715/2023.6478
Mtisi, S. (2022). The qualitative case study research strategy as applied on a rural enterprise development doctoral research project. International Journal of Qualitative Methods, 21, 16094069221145849. https://doi.org/10.1177/16094069221145849
Mulyana, A. S., Zainuddin, Z., Hakim, L., Napitupulu, D., Welly, H., & Daryanto, A. (2025). Biogas potential for sustainable power generation in Indonesia: Opportunity and techno-economic analysis. Sustainable Energy Technologies and Assessments. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2025.103974
Nindhia, T. S., Bidura, I. G. N. G., Sampurna, I. P., & Nindhia, T. (2022). Performance of interspersed loading of animal waste of cattle dung and vegetable waste of Brassica oleracea in continuous anaerobic digester. International Journal of Engineering, 35(1). https://www.ije.ir/article_135695.html
Niyya, B., Benomar, H., & Meddich, A. (2024). Current status and future developments of assessing microbiome composition and dynamics in anaerobic digestion systems using metagenomic approaches. Heliyon, 10(5), e27108. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10979216/
Obileke, K., & Meyer, E. L. (2024). Design and evaluation of a gas, temperature profiling and data acquisition system to monitor the performance of a batch fixed dome biogas digester. Scientific Reports, 14, 24960. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76080-y
Oliveira, H. R., Gehring, T., & Brunn, A. (2024). Enhanced anaerobic digestion of freezing and thawing pretreated cow manure with increasing solid content: Kinetics and microbial community dynamics. Scientific Reports, 14, 25386. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-76392-z
Papadopoulos, I., Miah, J. H., & Villa, R. (2024). Advances and challenges in anaerobic digestion for biogas production: Policy, technological, and microbial perspectives. Processes, 13(11), 3648. https://doi.org/10.3390/pr13113648
Ploransia, I. M. A., Pebrianti, I. A., & Sugiyarto, S. (2024). Utilization of cow manure into biogas as an effort to control livestock waste. Jurnal Ekologi, Masyarakat dan Sains, 5(2). https://www.journals.ecotas.org/index.php/ems/en/article/view/211
Pramartha, I. N. A., Pebrianti, I. A., Sugiyarto, S., & Sitepu, R. (2023). Production of biogas from cow dung, rice straw, and EM-4 bacteria variations. Jurnal Kimia Politeknik Negeri Bandung, 16(1), 1–10. https://jurnal.polban.ac.id/kimia/article/download/4697/3143
Shamsollahi, H. R., Kariminia, H. R., & Golmohammad, F. (2025). Higher anaerobic digester performance by the strategical increase in the feeding rate of cow manure in laboratory continuous stirred tank reactor. PLOS ONE, 20(4), e0332972. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0332972
Song, J., Kim, M., & Cho, H. J. (2022). Fermentation characteristics of bedded pack barn dairy cattle manure on methane yield, carbon, and nitrogen content in solid-state anaerobic digestion. PeerJ, 10, e14134. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.14134
Song, Y., Qiao, W., Westerholm, M., Huang, G., Taherzadeh, M. J., & Dong, R. (2023). Microbiological and technological insights on anaerobic digestion of animal manure: A review. Fermentation, 9(5), 436. https://doi.org/10.3390/fermentation9050436
Stirling, J., Hawthorne, N., Albarracin, H., & Caravantes, P. (2024). A systematic review of the design considerations for the operation and maintenance of small-scale biogas digesters. Heliyon, 10(1), e24005. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10789629/
Suresh, A., Jiang, J., Loh, K. C., & Tong, Y. W. (2024). Characterizing chemistry and microbiomes during continuous anaerobic codigestion of organics and cattle manure digestate. Energy & Fuels, 38(5), 4032–4048. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.3c04512
Tangwe, S., Mukumba, P., & Makaka, G. (2024). Biogas production from a solar-heated temperature-controlled biogas digester. Sustainability, 16(22), 9894. https://doi.org/10.3390/su16229894
Wahyudi, M. A., Handayani, A. S., Purwanto, P., & Widiyanto, A. (2022). Technological, economic, social and environmental barriers to adoption of small-scale biogas plants: Case of Indonesia. Energies, 15(14), 5105. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15145105
Wang, H., Guo, X., Qin, C., Guo, J., Zhao, H., Pang, Y., & Xu, Y. (2021). Anaerobic digestion of animal manure and influence of organic loading rate and temperature on process performance, microbiology, and methane emission from digestates. Frontiers in Energy Research, 9, 740314. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2021.740314
Yilmaz, E. C., & Kaya, D. (2023). Enhancing and upgrading biogas and biomethane production in anaerobic digestion: A comprehensive review. Frontiers in Energy Research, 11, 1170133. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenrg.2023.1170133