Journal of Emerging Innovations in Engineering
Journal of Research in Engineering, Mathematics, and Mathematics Education
Physico-chemical and bacteriological characterisation of water resources for food crop cultivation in the Santa Agrarian Basin, Cameroon
Water quality is central to sustainable agricultural production and ensuring food security. This study assessed the physicochemical and bacteriological quality of water resources in the Santa Agrarian Basin, Cameroon, to determine their suitability for food crop irrigation. Twenty sampling points, comprising ten surface water and ten groundwater sources across five communities, were sampled during the dry (January–March 2024) and rainy (June–August 2024) seasons and analyzed for pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity, iron, manganese, ammonium, nitrate, phosphate, and fecal coliforms, with results compared against FAO irrigation water quality guidelines. The surface water pH ranged from 5.2 to 6.75, while electrical conductivity, iron, and manganese exceeded FAO thresholds in several communities, particularly Baba and Pinyin. Ammonium and nitrate concentrations rose sharply in the rainy season, exceeding the FAO limits by wide margins. The phosphate levels remained within acceptable limits. Bacteriological analysis detected fecal coliforms and Escherichia coli in 60% of the surface water samples, exceeding the FAO and Agriculture Organization safety thresholds for irrigation. These findings indicate localized but recurring water quality concerns linked to agricultural and sanitation practices. This study recommends integrated water resource management, farmer education, and low-cost treatment to safeguard irrigation water quality and food safety in the basin.
Copyright (c) 2026 Muse Elvis Muno (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Evaluation of lashing systems for onshore heavy module transportation: a quantitative analysis of securing force and sliding force
The onshore transportation of heavy modules requires a reliable lashing securing system to prevent cargo shifting, which can lead to accidents and economic losses. This study evaluates the effectiveness of a lashing system used for transporting a heavy industrial component by land. A quantitative method was employed, comparing the total securing force provided by the lashing system against the sliding force induced by vehicle acceleration, braking, and cornering. Technical data on the lashing system, module specifications, and friction coefficients were obtained from field surveys and technical documents. The results show that the total securing force of the optimized lashing system is 2.49 MT, which exceeds the maximum sliding force of 1.87 MT under emergency braking conditions. The resulting safety ratio of 1.33 meets the minimum requirements of DNVGL-ST-N001 and the IMO CSS Code. A sensitivity analysis indicates that the lashing angle and contact surface friction coefficient are the most influential parameters. This study concludes that the evaluated lashing system is safe and applicable to similar transportation operations. Recommendations are provided regarding periodic inspections and optimization of lashing configurations.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mutadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Enhancing irrigation utilizing rainwater harvesting in the hilly areas of sylhet: a step toward achieving SDGS
The study investigates the feasibility and potential of implementing rainwater harvesting (RWH) systems in the semi-mountainous region of Sylhet, Bangladesh, as a sustainable solution for water resource management. With increasing water scarcity and a heavy reliance on groundwater for irrigation, RWH presents a viable alternative that aligns with multiple Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Specifically, it supports SDG 6 (Clean Water and Sanitation) by providing an alternative water source, SDG 2 (Zero Hunger) by enhancing agricultural productivity, and SDG 13 (Climate Action) by promoting water conservation and resilience to climate change. The research examines two small-scale RWH systems in the Sylhet district, assessing their impact on agricultural productivity and groundwater recharge. Findings suggest that RWH can effectively support irrigation during dry periods, transforming previously uncultivated land into productive agricultural areas. By reducing dependency on groundwater, RWH contributes to sustainable water management and helps mitigate the risks of over-extraction. Despite challenges such as high initial expenses, water quality concerns, and space limitations, the study highlights the socio-economic and environmental benefits of RWH. The research ultimately concludes that RWH is a feasible and sustainable alternative to conventional water management methods, effectively addressing water scarcity in Sylhet’s hilly regions while advancing global sustainability efforts.
Copyright (c) 2026 Khondokar Nazia Jarin, Mahi Abrar, Ishraque Bin Khalil, Minarul Islam (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A case study on using customized large language models for requirement-to-code transformation in software engineering
Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown great promise for assisting software engineering tasks that can be automated, like mapping natural language to code. This paper describes a practical case study using a domain specific LLM to convert software requirements into semi-formal designs, tests and code. We suggest a simple iterative refinement process for engineering prompts and progressively prompting with the intention of improving the accuracy of outputs, alignment to software requirements. We validate our approach with a case study based on real-world scenarios that show how LLMs can be leveraged for requirement extraction, Generation of Object-oriented Design (OOD) and implementation steps. These findings also give an understanding of the utility of LLM-assisted development in relation to affordances and constraints.
Copyright (c) 2026 Seemal Shahbaz (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Synthesis and photocatalytic activity of Fe doped CuO nanoparticles and its kinetics study
Nanosized copper oxide and iron doped copper oxide were synthesized using green synthesis method. The samples were characterized using UV- visible spectrophotometer, FT-IR, TGA, EDX SEM and XRD. The particles were irregular yet agglomerated due to interactions between the molecules and the produced NPs. The rate of photocatalytic reaction is greatly affected by the catalyst identity. A maximum degradation of 94.56% for undoped CuO and 97.80% for Fe doped CuO nanoparticles was obtained at 0.03gm of catalyst. The pseudo ﬁrst order kinetic model best ﬁtted to the experimental data. The Arrhenius equation to the rate constant (kApp) was also applied to undoped CuO and Fe doped CuO. The synthesized nanoparticles were cost effective, easy to use and provide greater yield
Copyright (c) 2026 Farzana Haider, Haseeba, Kafeel Ahmad Khan, Gul Asim Ullah Nabi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Advanced flight control Systems: integration of AI and adaptive control
This paper presents a comprehensive study on the implementation and simulation of advanced flight control systems for Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs). The work is divided into two primary domains: the practical application of the Pixhawk Pilot Support Package (PSP) within the MATLAB/Simulink environment and the theoretical construction of a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) dynamic model for fixed-wing aircraft. By leveraging the PSP, we demonstrate the integration of hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) components, including sensor fusion via uORB and actuator control. Furthermore, a high-fidelity Python-based simulation is developed to validate the 6-DOF equations of motion and control law effectiveness. This research highlights the synergistic integration of established flight control methodologies with modern simulation tools, providing a robust framework for the development and testing of advanced UAV systems. The findings contribute to the understanding of complex flight dynamics and the practical application of AI and adaptive control principles in aerospace engineering.
Copyright (c) 2026 Mahabub Sultan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of methane gas content in cattle manure waste for electricity generation
This study investigates the methane (CH4) content generated through the anaerobic fermentation of cattle manure waste in a biogas digester, in support of biogas-based electricity generation development in Indonesia. A qualitative approach with a case study strategy was employed, conducted through direct field observation. The digester used was a floating dome/balloon-type unit with a slurry capacity of 300 liters, fed with 25 kg of fresh cattle manure. Primary data collected included measurements of methane gas content, hourly gas production volume, substrate pH values, and digester temperature profiles over a 10-day observation period. A comparative analysis was performed between two treatment conditions: a digester supplemented with EM4 (Effective Microorganism 4) liquid inoculant and a control digester without EM4 addition. Results indicated that the average digester temperature during the observation period was 34.18°C, which falls within the optimal mesophilic range. The measured substrate pH ranged from 6.0 to 6.7, slightly below the optimum range of 6.8–8.0 for biogas production. The floating dome digester construction was demonstrated to be capable of maintaining the anaerobic conditions required for methane gas formation.
Copyright (c) 2026 Azfar Fadillah (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Self-organizing map based adaptive protection scheme for IEEE benchmark networked microgrids: a comprehensive framework for multi-modal operation
Purpose — This paper presents a novel adaptive protection scheme for networked microgrids (NMGs) based on the Self-Organizing Map (SOM) clustering technique, addressing critical challenges in multi-microgrid protection coordination. Design/Methodology/Approach — An SOM-based framework automatically classifies eight distinct NMG operating conditions and adapts relay settings in real time. The method is validated comprehensively on the IEEE benchmark test system for networked microgrids using PSCAD/EMTDC simulations across normal, fault, disturbance, and emergency scenarios. Findings — The proposed scheme achieves 94.7% classification accuracy on test data, reduces fault clearing times by an average of 34.3%, decreases miscoordination events by 45%, and improves the overall protection reliability index by 10.7% compared to conventional overcurrent protection. Practical Implications — The framework includes hardware specifications, commissioning procedures, and economic analysis demonstrating a 1.75-year payback period, providing a viable roadmap for real-world deployment. Originality/Value — This is the first comprehensive implementation and validation of SOM-based adaptive protection on the standardized IEEE benchmark NMG system, covering all major operating modes and transition states within a unified framework.
Copyright (c) 2026 Arun Kumar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of voltage drop causes at SMK Ponpes Manbaul Ulum Cirebon
This study aimed to identify the causes, evaluate, and quantify the magnitude of voltage drop at SMK Ponpes Manba'ul’Ulum Cirebon. A descriptive quantitative approach using a single case study strategy was applied. Data were collected from PT PLN ULP Sumber, Cirebon, and through direct field measurements using a Digital Earth Tester, Digital Insulation Tester, and monitoring of a three-phase kWh meter. The findings revealed that the main cause of voltage drop was transformer overload at Distribution Substation CKPB, with a loading level of 91.20%, exceeding the 80% limit specified by the Indonesian Electricity Supply Standard (SPLN). Additional contributing factors included a 710-meter conductor length with a 70 mm² cross-sectional area, inter-phase load imbalance (I₁ = 105 A, I₂ = 149 A, I₃ = 141 A), and insulation resistance anomalies detected at several test points (0 MΩ at N-T, T-G, and N-G). Before transformer uprating, the voltage drop reached 28.49 V (14.92%), exceeding the SPLN 72:1987 tolerance range of 5–10%. After uprating the transformer capacity from 100 kVA to 160 kVA combined with load splitting, the voltage drop decreased to 13.57 V (6.33%) and transformer loading declined to 57.10%.
Copyright (c) 2026 Lutfi Zulfiyan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Inclusive digital connectivity for smart service value-chain: a systematic literature review
Smart services are vital for economic development and improved user experience, yet digital inequality continues to constrain their effective deployment in emerging economies. While prior studies emphasize smart technologies and digital connectivity, limited evidence explains how connectivity is transformed into value-creating smart services. This study addresses this gap by examining the relationship between digital connectivity and the smart service value chain through a digital inclusion lens. Using a qualitative approach, a systematic literature review guided by the PSALSAR framework is conducted. Academic and international regulatory sources are analysed through content analysis and pattern recognition. The findings show that political, economic, social, and technological (PEST) factors embedded in the connectivity ecosystem are critical to smart service value creation, with socio-economic factors exerting greater influence than technology alone. The study informs conceptual development, service design, and digital policy reform for inclusive smart service ecosystems.
Copyright (c) 2026 Rownak Tahmina, Mohammad Tarikul Islam, PhD, Abul Kalam Azad, PhD (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and analysis of the airfield lighting system (ALS) precision approach lighting system (PALS) on runway 14 Kertajati International Airport Majalengka
This study analyzed the design and implementation of the Precision Approach Lighting System (PALS) for Runway 14 at Kertajati International Airport, Majalengka. A qualitative case study approach was employed, combining field measurements, semi-structured interviews with airport operators and technicians, and document analysis based on ICAO Annex 14 Volume I and Indonesian regulation KP 326/2019. Field measurements determined precise lamp positions using theodolite equipment across 30 barrettes at 30-meter intervals, spanning 900 meters. Ground elevation assessments revealed variations from 0.0m to 5.75m, necessitating customized pole configurations ranging from 2.1m to 4.6m. Electrical system calculations determined a 25 KVA Constant Current Regulator (CCR) capacity with 7/8 tapping configuration, optimizing circuit loads at 74.42% and 77.48%. Primary cable lengths of 5,259m and 5,134m were calculated with 16mm² cross-sectional area for adequate power distribution. The integration of PALS with existing Instrument Landing System (ILS) enabled Category I precision approach capability, significantly enhancing aviation safety during low-visibility conditions. The design fully complied with international standards and supported Kertajati's operational capacity enhancement from 8 to 300 daily aircraft movements, establishing comprehensive all-weather operational capability.
Copyright (c) 2025 Aep Ma'shum Nurzaman (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
IoT-Based kWh Monitoring Prototype Using PZEM-004T Sensor and NodeMCU ESP8266 Microcontroller: A Comprehensive Experimental Evaluation
This study presents experimental validation of an IoT-based household energy monitoring system using PZEM-004T sensor and NodeMCU ESP8266 microcontroller. Twenty testing scenarios were conducted across 10 common household appliances with power specifications ranging from 5W to 561.3W using quantitative R&D methodology. Results demonstrated superior measurement accuracy with 45% of tests achieving ≤5% deviation and 15.8% average deviation compared to nameplate specifications, significantly outperforming conventional clamp meters (31.6% deviation). The system achieved 100% data completeness with sub-2-second latency under stable Wi-Fi conditions, validating IoT reliability for continuous monitoring. Experimental data verified Ohm's Law relationships with strong current-power correlation (r ≈ 0.99). Critical accuracy factors were identified: measurement timing during transient versus steady-state operation (40% of high deviations), worn equipment conditions (30%), and operational mode variations. The PZEM-004T demonstrated robust performance across resistive, inductive, and electronic loads, effectively handling non-sinusoidal waveforms from modern appliances. Integrated real-time cost calculation provided economically meaningful feedback for energy management. Findings confirm that PZEM-004T-based IoT monitoring offers a practical, accurate, and economically viable solution for residential energy management, particularly suitable for developing markets where energy efficiency and cost management are critical concerns.
Copyright (c) 2025 Nuraji Permana Putra (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
A smart voltage protection system using GSM
Automation in the power distribution field permits utilities on actualize all the adaptable control for power distribution systems, which can be used to optimize efficiency, reliability, quality of electric service. Automation not only upgrade those qualities but also reduces human effort and saves time. Over and under voltage problem is a common type of problems which leads to most of the insulation and appliance damage throughout in any country. In this paper we are introducing to an Arduino based automation system with a GSM module to protect over and under voltage problem using SMS alert and real time monitoring in power distribution system.
Copyright (c) 2025 Md. Mehedi Rahman Khan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Prototype of automatic security and control system for smart home using ESP32 microcontroller
Despite advances in Internet of Things (IoT) technology, IoT-based home security systems still face challenges in responsiveness and real-time threat detection. Most existing smart home systems focus on energy efficiency while rarely integrating essential security features into a unified platform. This study designed and implemented an automatic smart home security system prototype integrating three subsystems—smart door lock, window security, and LPG gas leak detection—based on the ESP32 microcontroller connected to the Blynk application. Using a quantitative experimental approach, the system was tested through simulated household security scenarios, with data analyzed using Microsoft Excel and MATLAB. Results demonstrated a 99% operational success rate, 1.5-second average response time for gas detection and notification delivery, 98% gas sensor accuracy, and 99.2% data transmission success rate. The system successfully integrated the MQ-135 sensor, keypad-based smart lock, and window sensors into a centralized platform accessible remotely via Wi-Fi. This research contributes to embedded system and IoT technology advancement by providing a low-cost, scalable solution for smart home security with potential applications in small- and medium-scale industrial environments and future enhancement through AI and machine learning integration.
Copyright (c) 2025 Moh. Iqbal, Erfan Subiyanta, Hery Sonawan (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of gas pressure decline SF6 in 70kV circuit breaker bay transformer 3 at Babakan substation
This study analyzes the decrease in SF₆ gas pressure in the 70 kV circuit breaker Transformer Bay 3 at Babakan Substation, which affects the reliability of the power system. SF₆ gas is used as an insulating medium due to its high dielectric strength but is susceptible to micro-leakage, which degrades equipment performance. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study strategy based on primary data obtained from field observations, interviews, and testing documentation before and after the replacement of the T-phase pole. Gas pressure monitoring was conducted using a FLIR Gas 306 camera and digital measuring instruments, with thematic analysis employed to identify causes and evaluate repair effectiveness. The results showed that a fine leak at the lower T-phase pole was the main cause of gas pressure reduction. After pole replacement, the rate of pressure drop decreased from 0.00459 MPa/day to 0.00016 MPa/day, indicating a 35.3% increase in insulation effectiveness and a 64.6% reduction in leakage rate. Operational feasibility tests met the SPLN 52-1:1983 standard, confirming that the circuit breaker is suitable for operation. I while applying condition-based maintenance (CBM) and infrared detection proved efficient in identifying SF₆ leakage and supporting predictive maintenance practices at substations.
Copyright (c) 2025 Arif Ramdhan Achmad, Muhammad Soleh, Sugeng Suprijadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Grounding System Resistance Value Changes at PT. Telekomunikasi Indonesia Tbk., Witel Cirebon
This study analyzed longitudinal changes in grounding resistance at nine Automatic Telephone Centers (STOs) in Cirebon, Indonesia, from July 2017 to January 2021. The objective was to determine whether grounding resistance values exceeded the national standard limit of 1 ohm and to identify environmental factors influencing their variation. Grounding resistance was measured biannually during dry and rainy seasons using standardized field methods. Descriptive statistics and paired t-tests were employed to assess trends and seasonal differences. The results showed that all STOs maintained resistance values within the acceptable threshold, with consistently lower values observed during the rainy season due to increased soil moisture. Seasonal differences in resistance were statistically significant, and additional influencing factors included soil composition, drainage area, and physical system conditions. The findings highlighted the critical role of environmental variability in grounding system performance and emphasized the importance of periodic monitoring to maintain system safety and reliability in tropical climates.
Copyright (c) 2025 Mahadi (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Analysis of Load Balancing in Low-Voltage Distribution Substations
This study investigates the impact of load imbalance in low-voltage distribution systems on energy efficiency and operational reliability, focusing on the PHMB substation managed by PT PLN ULP Cirebon Kota. Through a field-based quantitative case study, the research identifies a significant phase current imbalance—exceeding 20%—resulting in a high neutral current (90 A) and monthly energy losses of 358.20 kWh. A load redistribution strategy, shifting 13 A from Phase R and 43 A from Phase T to Phase S, successfully reduced the imbalance to 11.27% and lowered neutral current to 64 A. This intervention achieved a 49.5% reduction in monthly energy losses (saving 177.12 kWh) and halved power losses in the neutral conductor. The study highlights the practical benefits of structured load balancing in improving power quality and energy efficiency in Indonesian distribution networks. Findings contribute empirical evidence for utility-level decision-making and policy design in developing countries, especially where advanced automation is not yet widely implemented.
Copyright (c) 2025 Asrul Anwar (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Motor Drive Coordination on a Belt Conveyor System Controlled by PLC at PT. Charoen Pokphand Indonesia
This study investigates the coordination of drive motors in a Programmable Logic Controller (PLC)-based belt conveyor system used in the livestock feed packaging process at PT Charoen Pokphand Indonesia. The research addresses gaps in the integration of speed, power, and energy efficiency control in conveyor systems, especially in real-world industrial applications. Employing a quantitative experimental design, the study analyzes the impact of load variation on motor power, speed coordination, and overall system efficiency. Data were collected through direct experimentation on an industrial-scale conveyor equipped with Human-Machine Interface (HMI), Variable Frequency Drives (VFD), and real-time monitoring instruments. The results indicate that the conveyor system operates with high precision, maintaining minimal deviation between theoretical and actual speeds (within ±0.1%), and is supported by a finger robotic system that surpasses operational throughput requirements. The findings confirm that the integration of PLC and VFD enhances system flexibility, stability, and efficiency.
Copyright (c) 2025 Rusly Herlangga (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Design and Construction of a Biogas-Fueled Power Generator
This study explores the design and construction of a household-scale biogas electricity system using Cow dung in Girinata Village, Indonesia, as a practical response to energy access challenges in rural communities. Drawing on anaerobic digestion technology, the system integrates a fiber-based digester, polyethylene gas holder, and a modified dual-fuel generator to produce reliable electricity from cow manure. A qualitative case study and field experiment approach was employed to assess both technical feasibility and social acceptance. Results show the system is technically viable, economically affordable, and socially accepted, with minimal operating costs and high user engagement. Despite initial design challenges affecting gas quality, performance was stable under optimized conditions. This research contributes empirical insights to the literature on decentralized renewable energy, particularly in underrepresented tropical settings, and supports the potential for community-scale replication to promote sustainable energy transitions
Copyright (c) 2025 Egi Permana (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0
Lashing for cargo securing transportation onshore is to secure the heavy module Structure during transported by using trailer TRAILER Self Propelled Module Transporter is safely. The analysis of lashing should consider for the transverse force in turning condition, Longitodinal force in breaking and acceleration condition. The weight of Structure is 25.774 mt metric tonwill transported by TRAILER with 4 axle, has speed 0.5 km/h and acceleration 0.07 m/s2, time taken to accelerate is 2 s. The environment condition is the wind speed is 10 m/s. The capacity of lashing is 0,5 5 mt. The result from the site activity of the transportation of Module Structure with using TRAILER is succsessfuly and safely. The module Structure has the total transverse securing force 2.49 mt greater than total transverse sliding force 0,63 mt, the longitudinal securing force 2.49 mt is greater than total longitudinal sliding force 0.53 mt. The module Structure has the totals longitudinal force is 2.49 mt greater than total longitudina sliding force 0.48 mt. .
Lashing; Transverse; Longitudinal; TRAILER
Copyright (c) 2025 Munaji (Author) https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0